Informatics Publishing Limited

T. C. Devaraju ¹, R. H. Sawkar ², R. P. Viljoen ³, T. L. Sudhakara ², M. G. Omkesh Murthy ², S. Vijaya Kumar ², R. G. Vijaya Vikram ²

Affiliations
1 Rajamangala', Saptapur, Haliyal Road, Dharwad - 580 001, IN
2 Ramgad Minerals and Mining Pvt. Ltd., Baldota Enclave, Hospet - 583 203, IN
3 School of Geosciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, ZA

Abstract

The ultramafic-mafic rocks of the Archaean Holenarasipur greenstone belts of the western Dharwar craton in southern India has been explored for PGE and base metal mineralization. This initiative was prompted by the overall favourable geological setting and the presence of anomalies of Pt (10-27 ppb) and Pd (8-21 ppb) in several of the stream sediment samples collected from different parts of the belt. The exploration programme consisted of field examination and analysis of over 276 samples collected from a range of mafic-ultramafic rocks in four main exploration blocks of the belt viz. Yedegondanahalli, Bantaratalalu, Yenneholeranganabetta and Bettadasatenahalli. The investigation has revealed weak mineralization with 10 to 111 ppb Pt, 16 to 166 ppb Pd and 40 to 277 ppb of (Pt+Pd). Anomalies were located in serpentinite, amphibolite and sill/dyke-like bodies of hornblendite. Two small patches of sulphide mineralisation located in the belt, in the Yedegondanahalli and Yenneholeranganabetta blocks, are Cu dominated (>1.0 wt% Cu) and analyze up to 0.3 wt% Ni, 0.09 wt% Co, 40 ppm Ag and 0.5 ppm Au.

Keywords

Ultramafic-Mafic Rocks, PGE-Base Metal Exploration, Holenarasipur Belt, Dharwar Craton.

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S. Vijaya Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Kakatiya Government (UG&PG) College (NAAC "A " Grade), Kakatiya University, Warangal (Telangana State), IN

Abstract

In the era of globalization, entrepreneurship development in the rural context is a challenge. According to 2011 Census 68.84 percent people are living in rural areas of India. People in rural areas suffer with unemployment, poor infrastructure facilities which may be solved with the development of the rural entrepreneurs. "Rural Entrepreneurship can be defined as entrepreneurship emerging at village level which can take place in a variety of fields of endeavor such as business, industry, agriculture and acts as a potent factor for economic development". But, these rural entrepreneurs are suffering with various problems like fear of risk, lack of finance, illiteracy, and competition from the urban entrepreneurs. Rural entrepreneurs increase the standard of living and purchasing power of the people by offering employment opportunity to the people in villages. This paper is an attempt to understand the problems and challenges for rural entrepreneurship in the context of rural development in India and possible suggestions to overcome the problems.

Keywords

Rural Entrepreneurs, Issues and Challenges, Rural Development.

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S. Vijaya Kumar ¹, K. Kumutha ¹, P. Santhana Krishnan ¹, H. Gopal ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of nitrogen sources on lipid production by different yeast cultures. Among the four nitrogen sources, yeast extract and peptone showed maximum lipid production in biomass (22.85 and 20.03 per cent, respectively) and they were at par with each other, while ammonium sulphate (16.70 per cent) and sodium nitrate (13.34 per cent) exhibited poor lipid accumulation. Yeast extract containing broth supported to produce maximum lipid in Rhodotorula glutinis (23.82 per cent), followed by Rhodosporidium toruloides (22.53 per cent) and Lipomyces starkeyi (22.21 per cent). High amount of biomass as 10.20, 10.16 and 10.14 g l^-1 was also observed using yeast extract as nitrogen source, respectively of the above cultures. Further experiment on optimization of the concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.75 per cent revealed the production of higher lipids was under 0.75 per cent. Among the various concentrations evaluated, maximum lipid and biomass production was observed in Rhodotorula glutinis (31.3 per cent and 11.5 g l^-1), Rhodosporidium toruloides (29.72 per cent and 11.10 g l^-1) and Lipomyces starkeyi (28.50 per cent and 11.05 g l^-1), respectively at 0.75 per cent level. Reduction in biomass as well as lipid yield was observed when increase in concentrations of yeast extract beyond 1.0 per cent.

Keywords

Nitrogen, Oleaginous Yeast Cultures, Cell Biomass.

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